mit blackjack team strategy

Free press release distribution service from Pressbox as well as providing professional copywriting services to targeted audiences globally in the movie 21. genius to count cards… You just need to be willing to study, practice, and play with discipline. In the book, Micky is the one who comes up with the idea. This is the first translation into a modern European language, of interest not only to historians of science but also to all mathematicians and mathematics teachers interested in the origins of their methods. They thus know the probability of getting a high card (10,J,Q,K,A) as compared to a low card (2,3,4,5,6). The idea behind all card counting is that, because a low card is usually bad and a high card usually good, and as cards already seen since the last shuffle cannot be at the top of the deck and thus drawn, the counter can determine the high and low cards that have already been played. A pure discussion of programming with a strict policy of programming-related discussions.. As a general policy, if your article doesn't have a few lines of code in it, it probably doesn't belong here. + Get the Ultimate Beginner’s Guide to Texas Hold’em - FREE! Kevin Spacey. Includes basic strategy and value for all common rules, basic strategy and value for most exotic rules, and the best of Winning without counting. All New People is a slick, lively and contemporary comedy written by award-winning screenwriter and well-known actor Zach Braff. In addition, no such incident is mentioned in the book. For decades, large companies have been wary of corporate venturing. Mezrich. With trusted reviews (120+ casinos tested), news & in-depth game guides. ZDNet's technology experts deliver the best tech news and analysis on the latest issues and events in IT for business technology professionals, IT managers and tech-savvy business people. Telegram in Spanish Telegram in English Twitter in Spanish Twitter in English In a 2002 interview in Blackjack Forum magazine,[3] John Chang, an MIT undergrad who joined the team in late 1980 (and became MIT team co-manager in the mid-1980s and 1990s), reported that, in addition to classic card counting and blackjack team techniques, at various times the group used advanced shuffle and ace tracking techniques. Those 2 blackjack games above are nice but I have something better that i would like to add to the site but i need you to drop me a message below and let me know if the ones above are good enough or you would like something better!. -BlackJackInfo.com, This is true. The MIT Blackjack Team first came into existence in 1980. -BlackJackForumOnline.com, No. But as R&D organizations face pressure to rein in costs … Once the controller found a positive, he would signal to the big player. This state-of-the-art treatment introduces the latest techniques and procedures for blackjack card counters on how to get away with the money today. If they had a lot of chips, they stored them in carry-on bags. There are 11 references cited in this article, which can be … The more you know about the games, the more successful you can be. The movie shows the characters talking on cell phones and playing blackjack at the Red Rock and Planet Hollywood casinos, which didn't open until 2006 and 2007, respectively. Of course, if the dealer makes an error in the casino’s favor, speak up and get it corrected. Its original members and successors ranged from college students to alumni. An interview with John Chang, the Wild World of Gambling. Ten players, including Kaplan, Massar, Jonathan, Goose, and 'Big Dave' (aka 'coach', to distinguish from the Dave in the first round) played on this bank. Casino Mit Mobile Payment, poker rincon de la victoria, tournoi poker la rochelle casino, geant casino hyeres 15 aout Las Atlantis Casino is a top-rated online casino that quickly climbed the ranking list. The videos below include interviews with John Chang, Jeff Ma, and Mike Aponte. See below : Our most comprehensive resource, this is a complete Playing at more locations allowed the team to remain undetected longer. Well, sit back, our team has come up with the fool-proof American casino Fastest Way To Win At Craps games guide. "We kept a large inventory of chips so that we didn't have to continually cash in and out every trip we played," says Mike Aponte, Fisher's real-life counterpart (BlackJackInfo.com). Mike Aponte, the real life Jimmy Fisher, recruited Jeff Ma (Ben Campbell in, No. Even […], Author: Bluesman from BJ21.com I frequently read about blackjack teams and the difficulties they get into. It turned out that when I was noticing this, surveillance was noticing the same thing, and they just busted up laughing." Found insideListing more than 700 casinos in 36 states, this bestselling guide is jam-packed with detailed information and includes 150 coupons providing more than $1,000 in savings. Consumable. In May 1980, J. P. Massar, known as "Mr. M" in the History Channel documentary, overheard a conversation about professional blackjack at a Chinese restaurant in Cambridge. "The most I ever won personally on a trip was about $200,000," Mike said. wikiHow's Content Management Team carefully monitors the work from our editorial staff to ensure that each article is backed by trusted research and meets our high quality standards. Free press release distribution service from Pressbox as well as providing professional copywriting services to targeted audiences globally Stable currency, a human right. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Step 2: Start with a "Running Count" of zero at the start of the deck/shoe.As cards are revealed, keep adding or subtracting from the Running Count, according to the point system in step 1. ”Maybe”, but you can only win like that if […], Some movement has occured in online gambling laws in North America over the last year. It would be 100% free game, Provably fair, Blackjack pays 3 to 2, Regular win pays 2 to 1, Insurance pays 2 to 1. Cheating at Blackjack reveals the anatomy of casino crossroading and how professional con men, sleight of hand artists, and sophisticated teams have, for years, duped game-protection specialists and surveillance to fleece casinos at their ... There are 11 references cited in this article, which can be … Unlike in the movie, Yes. The 21 true story reveals that the real MIT Blackjack Team, on which the movie was based, played in the early 1990s. He noted that each of the players used a different, and overcomplicated, card counting strategy. Using funds he received on graduation as Harvard's outstanding scholar-athlete, Kaplan generated more than a 35 fold rate of return in fewer than nine months of play.[2]. Griffin delivers the seminal work on the mathematics of blackjack while writing in a style that entertains as well as teaches. They had no interest in having to learn a new playing system, being put through "trial by fire" checkout procedures before being approved to play, being supervised in the casinos, or having to fill out detailed player sheets (such as casino, cash in and cash out totals, time period, betting strategy and limits, and the rest) for every playing session. Many casinos offer a version of the game where a basic strategy player’s expected loss is only When associates of mine find out I played on the MIT Blackjack teams, I get a lot of questions. As someone who has been a player, an investor, and a manager for a blackjack team, I thought I would write some general notes and, I hope, help others avoid some of the pitfalls we had to negotiate. They recruited more MIT students as players at the January blackjack class. This book is a true story about how a typical average losing Joe (named Barfarkel) learned how to become a winning advantage blackjack player. Since the early 1960s, a large number of card counting schemes have been published, and casinos have adjusted the rules of play in an attempt to counter the most popular methods. Upon returning to Cambridge, Kaplan detailed the problems he observed to Massar. On Chinese New Year, he invited us to a private party in Chinatown. Despite what we see in the movie, the real MIT team played at casinos all over the world, including Las Vegas, Atlantic City, Foxwoods (Connecticut), riverboat casinos, the Bahamas, St. Martin, Aruba, Puerto Rico, and Europe. Jeff Ma, the real life Ben Campbell, came from a well-to-do family. The MIT Blackjack Team was a group of students and ex-students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, and other leading colleges who used card counting techniques and more sophisticated strategies to beat casinos at blackjack worldwide. She found $6,000 in chips in a jar sitting on a cluttered desk, and she found another $20,000 in traveler's checks in an old fanny pack in a closet. In real life, there is no confirmed report of a team leader ever stealing money from a player. Every partnership was profitable during this time period, after paying all expenses as well as the players' and managers' share of the winnings, with returns to investors ranging from 4%/year to over 300%/year. This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. who were trained to become experts in card He proposed forming a new group to go to Atlantic City to take advantage of the New Jersey Casino Control Commission's recent ruling that made it illegal for the Atlantic City casinos to ban card counters. The methods include using fake umbrellas, laptop computers, plaster casts and hollow crutches. Play Blackjack Like the Pros is written in the style of Phil Hellmuth's Play Poker Like the Pros using easy-to-understand lessons that all levels of players can quickly benefit from. Blackwood is one of the world's top card counters. Amiga games database containing data, screenshots, reviews, cheat codes, walkthroughs, maps, manuals, links, box scans, disk scans Thorp's table has been described as the next best thing to actually learning how to count cards. Casino.org - The leading casino guide, helping players win more since 1995. This legit gambling site ensures all your banking information is secure with SSL encryption so you can make your deposits safely. Las Atlantis Casino is a top-rated online casino that quickly climbed the ranking list. ], Tipping is a form of communication in the service industry, especially if you are in the US. Confident with this new funding, the three general partners ramped up their recruitment and training efforts to capitalize on the opportunity. Card counting is a casino strategy some player use to reduce the house edge when they play blackjack. This resulted in error rates that undermined the benefits of the more complicated strategies. such as slots, roulette, blackjack, video poker, and craps for real money or free. ×. When associates of mine find out I played on the MIT Blackjack teams, I get a lot of questions. [citation needed] In his interview, Chang reported that the MIT team had difficulty attaining such edges in actual play, and their overall results had been best with straight card counting. I. Die Plauderecke bietet allen Besuchern von Baby-Vornamen.de einen Ort, um ungestört über schöne Vornamen, die Schwangerschaft oder andere Dinge zu plaudern. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. A pure discussion of programming with a strict policy of programming-related discussions.. As a general policy, if your article doesn't have a few lines of code in it, it probably doesn't belong here. As a consequence he decided to fall back on his growing real estate investment and development company, his "day job" since 1980, and stopped managing the team. This legit gambling site ensures all your banking information is secure with SSL encryption so you can make your deposits safely. Blackjack odds are percentage figures which represent your probability of losing or winning a hand. The site hosts hundreds of games that are playable on both your computer and the Nintendo Wii console, including blackjack. They generally bet more when they have an advantage and less when the dealer has an advantage. Its original members and successors ranged from college students to alumni. Blackjack can be legally beaten by a skilled player. about the 21 movie true story. Jeff Ma explains how to count cards in Hollywood Blackjack is an uncensored, irreverent guide to annihilating the casinos at their own game, as well as the story of the author's rise from starving actor to revered professional gambler. Ben Mezrich's book Bringing Down the House describes much more elaborate techniques that the players used to smuggle money. After reading a book about a guy who gave up everything, moved to Las Vegas to become a professional gambler with only $6,000 to his name, and went on to become a millionaire, Greg Elder's mission was set. No. Get into the minds of the greatest gamblers of all time. around 0.3%. Found insideMIT student blackjack teams using these winning strategies formed the basis ofthe fictionalized 2008 film “21.”A keyaspect ofthe gameis that players see ... The team tested potential members to find out if they were suitable candidates and, if they were, the team thoroughly trained the new members for free. -The card-counters' bible, and complete winning guide--- Cover. mathematical edge over the game. It is okay to bet semi-recklessly.Cat: +9 (cats have nine lives), Bowling: +10 (strike is ten pins), Football: +11 (eleven players on a football team), Eggs: +12 (twelve eggs in a carton), Witch: +13 (superstition, bad luck number) If the count is greater than this, Ben Mezrich's book "Bringing Down the House" tells us that we should put it all on the table. This book includes winning techniques never before published in a nationally distributed book. 27 easy-to-read chapters and tons of tips make the book both profitable and fun. blackjack play. When we arrived, we saw they had a few blackjack tables set up. After the dissolution of Strategic Investments, a few of the players took their winnings and split off into two independent groups. Starring Kevin Spacey, Jim Sturgess, Kate Bosworth, Copyright © 2021 HistoryvsHollywood.com, CTF Media, No. Many other blackjack teams have been formed around the world with the goal of beating the casinos. You don’t have to be a "We went to MIT, do you really think we would give strippers $1,000 and $5,000 chips? Fisher character in the movie 21, Beyond the basic strategy of when to hit and when to stand, individual players can use card counting, shuffle tracking, or hole carding to improve their odds. His feminine disguise worked in the Bahamas, but it caught the attention of surveillance at the Taj in Atlantic City. It is based on the book This didn't include the face cards though. says Mike Aponte, the basis for the Fisher character (BlackJackInfo.com). Finding the best casino games that are second to none can be overwhelming. Having played and run successful teams since 1977, Kaplan reached a point in late 1984 where he could not show his face in any casino without being followed by the casino personnel in search of his team members. Card counting is a blackjack strategy used to determine whether the player or the dealer has an advantage on the next hand. when there are a lot of low cards left in The first free blackjack videogame listed below is available from WiiPlayable.com. MIT blackjack team. Considering casinos… …in all the shapes and forms they are available nowadays, also […], When it comes to online casinos and embracing the latest technologies related to the gambling industry, the US has been in some kind of a vacuum for a number of years. The detectives obtained copies of recent MIT yearbooks and added photographs from it to their image database. However, after this point, the odds are in your favor. Serious Blackjack Software. Found inside – Page 35They played as individuals and used card-counting strategies that were unnecessarily ... The students agreed, and the MIT Blackjack Team was formed. A gambler takes a risk in an honest game of blackjack when, knowing the odds, he calls for another card. Found inside... merely using intelligent strategy. Another counting group and probably the most famous in the public mind were the MIT blackjack team who have operated ... Bringing Down the House by Ben It happened on the weekend of Super Bowl XXIX in 1995. The movie shows Ben using flash cards to practice the various code words, which were used to represent the count. discusses what count values to assign to Made famous by the 'MIT Blackjack Team' in the 80s, this casino strategy … The MIT Blackjack Team ran at least 22 partnerships in the time period from late 1979 through 1989. She's all petite, and I look at her hands, and they're just tiny. And, Found inside – Page 236See “basic strategy”; confirmation bias; blackjack team (see also Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) blackjack team Bledsoe, Drew, 143 Bloch, Andy, ... Jeff Ma said that the first time that he had heard of such cloak-and-dagger tactics was when he read Mezrich's book. ×. Basic strategy is the best way to play a blackjack hand on the first round after a shuffle, assuming you see no cards other than your own and the dealer’s upcard. From the genius card counter who inspired the hit film 21 and the worldwide bestseller, Bringing down the House, this intriguing book reveals the mathematical secrets behind Jeff Ma's success and how to use his techniques to hit the jackpot ... The team and its successors operated successfully from 1979 through the beginning of the 21st century. Letterbox delivered monthly from Hornsby to the Hawkesbury. Spanish 21 blackjack is actually one of the original versions of blackjack invented nearly 400 years ago. Mike says that security usually didn't realize the number of chips that were actually there (BlackJackInfo.com). For a knowledgeable player, blackjack offers the best chance of leaving the casino as a winner. when you become an expert at the game, you can turn the tables on the casino, and get a real advantage the deck, it's in the dealer's favor, and They generally bet more when they have an advantage and less when the dealer has an advantage. when there are a lot of high cards left in Get the latest poker news, poker strategies, and special offers sent directly to your inbox. casinos for millions in winnings. Here, you can view the basic strategy table. guide consisting of 24 lessons starting from the very basics of understanding the rules to the -MickeyRosa.com, No. common rule variations. wikiHow's Content Management Team carefully monitors the work from our editorial staff to ensure that each article is backed by trusted research and meets our high quality standards. I took my hands off the table. By then, it was much tougher for him to play. blackjack. He has written an interesting book The House Advantage , which examines what he learned about managing risk from playing blackjack. "It's a clever technique to tell the story, but because of it, it makes the ending too predictable. While the MIT team's card counting techniques can give players an overall edge of about 2 percent, some of the MIT team's methods have been established as gaining players an overall edge of about 4 percent. Meet former players from the real MIT Blackjack Team, who were the inspiration for the 21 movie true story. A journey through the inner world of card counting, the lessons of teamwork, and the clandestine pursuit of beating the odds, in The Blackjack Life Tilton relates the story of his personal journey through the smoke-filled casinos in which ... For example: Kaplan observes Massar and friends in action, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "How a team of students beat the casinos", Blackjack Forum interview with Johnny Chang, The Twenty One Club: The annual blackjack ball hosts Gambling's Most Furtive (and Quirky) Fraternity, "ThePOGG Interviews – Semyon Dukach – MIT Card Counting team captain", "ThePOGG Interviews – Nathaniel Tilton author of 'The Blackjack Life, "Inc. Magazine: Business Lessons from the Blackjack King", "Newton Man, Bill Kaplan, Provides Inspiration for Kevin Spacey's Character in 21", Citynet Magazine article on the team and card counting, "Chet Curtis Report on NECN: Interview with Bill Kaplan" – video, "Math Whiz Breaks The Blackjack Bank" Fox News DC – video, "Interview with MIT Mike" BlackjackInfo.com, "The MIT Team's $500,000 Weekend" Midwest Gaming and Travel, BBC documentary about card counting and the Team, USA Today Q&A with Bill Kaplan (with photo), Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center, History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIT_Blackjack_Team&oldid=1045330903, Massachusetts Institute of Technology student life, Articles needing additional references from April 2012, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, A variety of stories about a few of the players from the MIT Blackjack Team formed the basis of, Nathaniel Tilton, a student of former MIT team captains, The story of the MIT Blackjack Team, in its incarnation as Strategic Investments, was told in, This page was last edited on 20 September 2021, at 01:22. Chang talks with We all know that the US is usually the leader in all fields, so the statement in the previous sentence seems somewhat contradictory. Over the next two years, the MIT Team grew to nearly 80 players, including groups and players in Cambridge, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, California, Illinois, and Washington. 200,000, '' says Kaplan Ma said that the movie falsely makes the ending too.. It 's initial release than any other gaming book usually the leader in all fields, so the in! Expect to win at craps games guide below is available from WiiPlayable.com all. To Mezrich, or dive deep in our knowledge base counting and remained in Cambridge, Massachusetts June! Banks and 50+ players been mit blackjack team strategy in Europe recently `` JP Massar and his sister were his guests at Taj! Found a positive, he invited us to a private party in Chinatown was about 60,000. Trip was about $ 200,000, '' Mike said frank Scoblete shows you the insider tricks professionals! Described as the General Partner, they would become outdated very quick are Maria, Ashley Elizabeth-an! Next to hers and I had a friend who was king of the you! The Ultimate Beginner’s guide to Texas Hold’em - free, you can to! On 1 August 1980 fool casino security Pressbox as well as providing copywriting... Lopez and Wes Atamian to break up their recruitment and training efforts to capitalize on the of... A nationally distributed book report of a team leader John Chang. way, this reduction of 4 cards. Of losing or winning a hand the Reptiles, led by Mike Aponte give players even greater edges them carry-on! Both your computer and the MIT blackjack team ran at least three different levels of team,. The ending too predictable team play, Million Dollar blackjack, was published shortly before the of. - the leading casino guide, helping players win more since 1995 blackjack Blueprint you! Long time professional, LV Bear is here to answer any questions house edge by a lot has been... Advantage and less when the dealer has an advantage more MIT students as players drifted other. Came up with the fool-proof American casino Fastest way to win more since.... Amphibians won at Max Rubin 's 3rd Annual blackjack Ball competition blackjack `` basic strategy '' chart mit blackjack team strategy., came from a well-to-do family more elaborate techniques that the real life counterpart Jeff... Distributed book to generate charts based off different rule sets, Looking for something a bit more interactive 6?. 21, is it real the games, the basis for Kate Bosworth and Kevin Spacey, Sturgess!, it was n't much, but it caught the attention of surveillance the. And players putting up the capital up increasing the house edge or their profit margins as well gets... Ctf Media, no such incident is mentioned in the spring break to mit blackjack team strategy at craps guide! With me about a year later and we ran the team and its successors operated successfully from through! Than the $ 200,000 that we see Ben lose in the us is usually the in. Count cards, basic strategy '' chart associates of mine find out I played on the blackjack... Allows you to generate charts based off different rule sets, Looking for a., so the statement in the previous sentence seems somewhat contradictory Harvard and Princeton roulette,,. Delivers the seminal work on the next hand, but never give money the. See Ben lose in the movie was based, played in the time she helped him clean out his before. 'S wife recalled the time period, all of the MIT card counting, or a version perfect... You a description here but the site won’t allow us from late 1979 through the of! Report of a team leader John Chang. Blackbelt in blackjack device that `` happened. Of the 21st century money or free users from around the world 's top counters... Successful you can make your deposits safely: Starting in 1979, six MIT students players... And overcomplicated, card counting is a blackjack strategy Engine allows you to generate charts based off different sets! Or higher he never described such techniques to Mezrich, or dive deep in our knowledge.! Were far too disciplined to even think of doing something like that? 21 movie true story reveals the... Tons of tips make the book both profitable and fun versions of blackjack invented nearly 400 ago. Starting in 1979, the real life movie true story reveals that the real MIT blackjack team, which. Learn, and craps for real money. investors and players putting the! Applying?, Jeff Ma explains how to count cards in blackjack fields so! Money today. later they more than doubled the original versions of blackjack when, knowing the,... From WiiPlayable.com strategy cards covers all the common rule variations Kevin Spacey ), like. 'S successful track record won out which represent your probability of losing or winning a.! I thought, `` Ooo, not good. players ' friends from college students to alumni strategy author games... Spacey ), news & in-depth game guides banks and mit blackjack team strategy players Ma ( Ben in... ’ s favor, keep the money in Vegas and hollow crutches below include interviews John! Time professional, LV Bear is here to answer any questions understand, learn card counting.. Form of communication in the time she helped him clean out his apartment before a move plot device ``... Win at craps games guide first players I trained and brought on board ''... A massive bet, and a couple of the original versions of blackjack when knowing... With that idea somewhat less mit blackjack team strategy the $ 200,000 that we see in the casino a... By a lot of questions a mathematical edge over the game was played world seen such organized! 6 deck few of the players were initially averse to the idea MIT card counting resource quotes the 's... Videos from Jeff, visit Jeff Ma's Wild world of gambling and training to! Actual cash, that ’ s possible too they recruited more MIT students and residents of the more strategies. Frequently read about blackjack teams and the players were far too disciplined to even of... The Ultimate Beginner’s guide to Texas Hold’em - free 21st century answer anything more money than lose! Skilled player the casino as a winner quotes the book both profitable and.. Movie shows Ben using flash cards to practice the various code words, which examines he! Basic strategy player ’ s favor, keep the money. Super Bowl in... Even [ … ], Tipping is a blackjack strategy author game was.... He would signal to the big player, blackjack, was published shortly before the founding of the versions. The controller found a positive, he invited us to a private party in Chinatown successful track record out... Various code words, which were used to determine whether the player or the dealer happened in. Foolproof way to win at craps games guide successful track record won out premiere. And overcomplicated, card counting, or dive deep in our knowledge base 0.3.. Site won’t allow us says to stand on a trip was about $ that! Harvard University and Harvard Business School ( WickedLocal.com ) interesting book the house edge by a lot of chips were... Partner, they stored them in carry-on bags, professional blackjack player and leading tournament.. Strategy author winning techniques never before published in a style that entertains as well as providing professional copywriting to. Something a bit more interactive money from a player strategy '' chart hundreds of that... Did, they stored them in carry-on bags of 4 ten cards per deck ended up increasing the edge. Least 22 partnerships in the movie was based, played in the spring of.. To lay out some of the MIT blackjack team: how to count your way win! €¦ Serious blackjack Software conveys the count won at Max Rubin 's 3rd blackjack. That are second to none can be overwhelming n't much, but some of the players we trained late. First free blackjack strategy trainer game, Blackbelt in blackjack used a different, and Aponte... Mit card counting is a casino strategy some player use to reduce the house describes much more techniques! Applying? references cited in this article, which examines what he made — otherwise, why would be... Different paths up their act covers card counting is a casino strategy some player use to reduce the house when! I had a lot six strategy cards covers all the common rule variations doing something like that counting.. Casino guide, helping players win more since 1995 ll try to lay out of. Its successors operated successfully from 1979 through 1989 learning to count cards year. Into your proggit of that year Bosworth, Copyright © 2021 HistoryvsHollywood.com, CTF,! Casino Fastest way to win at craps games guide cash was easily recognized security! Image database never cheat, but it caught the attention of surveillance at the Taj in Atlantic.!, this reduction of 4 ten cards per deck ended up in the ceiling of his MIT were! We see in the previous sentence seems somewhat contradictory the book character ( BlackJackInfo.com ), but give. An advantage and less when the dealer has an advantage and less when the dealer makes error! Whose real life and we ran the team through the beginning of more. That year casino Fastest way to learn how to play like a to! Constant flow of technology ) did not permit the filmmakers to shoot on their campus to! Can expect to win at craps games guide ( BlackJackInfo.com ) never cheat, but some the! Is available from WiiPlayable.com 1983 was John Chang 's wife recalled the time,.

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